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Broad temperature adaptability vanadium redox flow battery

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Broad temperature adaptability vanadium redox flow battery ( broad-temperature-adaptability-vanadium-redox-flow-battery )

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Electrochimica Acta 187 (2016) 525–534 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Electrochimica Acta journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/electacta Broad temperature adaptability of vanadium redox flow battery—Part 1: Electrolyte research Shuibo Xiaoa, Lihong Yub, Lantao Wua, Le Liua, Xinping Qiua,c, Jingyu Xia,* a Institute of Green Chemistry and Energy, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China b School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China c Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China ARTICLE INFO Article history: Received 27 August 2015 Received in revised form 5 November 2015 Accepted 11 November 2015 Available online xxx Keywords: Vanadium redox flow battery Temperature adaptability Electrolyte Static stability Electrochemical properties 1. Introduction As the environment continuously deteriorates, it's more urgent to develop renewable energy to replace traditional energy resources. However, the random and intermittent nature of renewable energy resources like solar energy and wind energy induces instability to the grid, which vastly limits their develop- ment [1–3]. In order to smooth out the intermittency of renewable energy production, electrical energy storage (EES) has become an indispensable part to integrate the grid and renewable energy [4]. Among different kind of energy storage technologies, redox flow batteries (RFB) have been proposed as a promising large-scale EES, owing to its low cost, flexible design, high safety and long cycle-life [5,6]. A redox flow battery is an electrochemical system which stores electric energy in two separated electrolyte tanks containing different redox couples. Among various RFBs, the all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is one of the most developed RFBs due to * Corresponding author. E-mail address: xijy@tsinghua.edu.cn (J. Xi). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.11.062 0013-4686/ã 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ABSTRACT The broad temperature adaptability of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is one of the key issues which affects the large-scale and safety application of VRFB. Typically, five types of vanadium electrolytes, namely V2+, V3+, V3.5+ (V3+:VO2+ = 1:1), V4+ (VO2+) and V5+ (VO2+), are the most common electrolytes' status existing in VRFB system. In this work, the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of these vanadium electrolytes are studied in detail at a broad temperature range (-35  C–50  C). The results show that all types of vanadium electrolytes are stable between -25  C–30  C. The temperature fluctuation will largely influence the conductivity and viscosity of the electrolytes. Besides, the electrochemical properties of the positive (VO2+) and negative (V3+) electrolytes are greatly affected by the temperature; and the charge transfer process fluctuates more greatly with the temperature variation than the charge diffusion process does. These results enable us to better and more comprehensively evaluate the performance of the electrolyte changing with the temperature, which will be beneficial for the rational choice of electrolyte for VRFB operation under various conditions. ã 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. its high energy efficiency, elimination of electrolyte cross- contamination, and low capital cost for large-scale energy storage [7–10]. The standard open circuit potential of VRFB is 1.26 V, and it uses V(IV)/V(V) and V(II)/V(III) dissolved in sulphuric acid as the positive and negative electrolytes respectively, carbon fabric materials as the electrodes, and ion exchange membranes (IEMs) as the separators [11–13]. Until now, much effort has been devoted to fully study and promotes the technique of the VRFB, such as low cost and high ion selectivity membranes [14–18], high activity and power density electrodes [19–21], and high concentration and stability electrolytes [22,23]. The current VRFB technology is still not ready for broad market penetration due to the low energy density (< 25 Wh kg1), which is mostly caused by the low solubility and stability of the electrolyte solutions [24]. There are many factors affecting the VRFB performance such as the concentration of vanadium ions and sulfuric acid, the operating temperature, the state of charge (SOC) and the electrochemical activity of electrodes [25], among which the operating temperature influence should be especially noticed. Usually, V(II), V(III), and V(IV) are inclined to form precipitation under a relatively low temperature, while the V(V) solution presents poor stability at high temperatures and high vanadium concentrations

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