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S. Xiao et al. / Electrochimica Acta 187 (2016) 525–534 533 Fig. 8. (a) EIS results of V(II)/V(III) redox couple record under different polarization potentials at 20 C; (b) EIS results of V(IV)/V(V) redox couple record at different temperatures under -0.600 V; (c) Values of Rb and Rct at different temperatures; (d) An Arrhenius plot of the temperature-dependence of Rct. Fig. 8(d), a value of 21.9 kJ mol1 that is comparable to the positive electrolyte (28.5 kJ mol1), unveiling a similar temperature effect JCYJ20140509172959960). on both resistances. 4. Conclusions Five types of vanadium electrolytes, namely V(II), V(III), V3.5+, V(IV) and V(V), were prepared to investigate their broad temperature adaptability. Physical and electrochemical experiments were used to study the physicochemical property of the electrolytes in detail from -35 C to 50 C. The results show that, firstly, the positive electrolytes are stable at low temperatures, and the negative electrolytes are stable at high temperatures. The V(III) electrolyte precipitate out first at -30 C in less than 24 hours, and V , V , (II) (III) V3.5+ electrolytes precipitate out at -35 C in different time. The V(V) electrolyte will precipitate out above 35 C, and furthermore, all the precipitations appeared at low temperatures can redissolve themselves when the temperature goes up. Secondly, temperature will bring about great influence on the conductivity and viscosity of the electrolytes, and the conductivity is increasing with the increase of temperature, while the viscosity is opposite. Thirdly, the electrochemical properties of positive and negative electro- lytes are also affected by temperature. In addition, the temperature significantly affects the charge transfer process more than the diffusion process, and obviously, a high temperature can enhance the electrochemical activity of the electrolytes. In conclusion, the comprehensive investigation of the broad temperature adaptabil- ity of the electrolytes is beneficial to study the VRFB's broad temperature adaptability, and is also helpful for targeted selection of electrolytes' concentration according to the environment temperature. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21576154 and 61308119) and Basic Research Project of Shenzhen City (JCYJ20150630114140630, References [1] B. Dunn, H. Kamath, J.M. Tarascon, Electrical energy storage for the grid: A battery of choice, Science 334 (2011) 928–935. [2] N.Armaroli,V.Balzani,Towardsanelectricity-poweredworld,EnergyEnviron. Sci. 4 (2011) 3193–3222. [3] F. Cheng, J. Liang, Z. Tao, J. 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