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Figure 3. Schematic Showing the Future Smart Grid Integrating a Variety of Systems, from Energy Conversion and Storage Devices to Portable Electronics, Electric Vehicles, and Home-Scale Energy Storage In the blueprint, the photochargeable RFB can achieve simultaneous energy conversion and storage, which further distributes electricity to different end uses. Adapted with permission from Yang et al.21 Copyright 2010 the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. potential have been comprehensively reviewed in recent articles, we will not elabo- rate the molecular engineering design in these aspects.17 Instead, we introduce some novel approaches to lower the melting points of organic species from the view- point of new chemistries so as to achieve high concentration. Moreover, recent ad- vances on large-size organic species will be reviewed as well in this section. Low-Melting-Point Organic Redox Species The solubility of organic redox species mainly depends on the intermolecular inter- action in molecules, the polarity of solvents, and the compatibility with supporting salts.17 Organic redox species with relatively weak intermolecular interaction gener- ally have high solubility in a wide variety of organic solvents (Figure 4A).22–24 For instance, (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) demonstrates a high solu- bility of 5.2 M in the carbonate solvent. Even at the presence of LiPF6, 2.0 M TEMPO catholyte can also be successfully prepared.22 In a typical dissolution process, the solvation energy should be large enough to overcome the lattice energy of redox molecules. Given the depressed molecular interactions reflecting lower energy required to separate solute molecules, low-melting-point redox species are prom- ising to achieve high solubility as electroactive materials for RFBs. More interest- ingly, when the melting point is lowered below room temperature, the liquid redox species can also function as a solvating medium to supporting salts getting a ride to supplementary solvents, which is feasible for developing high-energy-density RFBs. Wei et al. reported that 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BzNSN) with a low melting point be- tween 42C–44C can achieve 2.1 M anolyte even in 2.1 M lithium bis(trofluorome- thanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) in acetonitrile (ACN) solvent.23 Similar phenomena have also been found in quinoxalines and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mole- cules.24,25 Organic redox species, which have strong interactions between Chem 5, 1964–1987, August 8, 2019 1969PDF Image | Development of Redox Flow Batteries Based on New Chemistries
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