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Figure 6. Alkali-Metal-Based RFBs Using Li Metal as Anode (A) Schematic configuration of alkali-metal-based hybrid RFBs. (B) Various systems for the design of alkali-metal-based RFBs. PQ, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone; NAQ, 5,12-naphthacenequinone; AQ, anthraquinone; LISICON, lithium super ionic conductor. (C) Working principle of the Li-Fc battery using the LATP membrane as separator. Reprinted with permission from Zhao et al.32 Copyright 2014 Wiley- VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. (D) Schematic of a Li-based RFB with Li metal as the anode and quinone in aprotic electrolyte as the catholyte. Reprinted from Ding et al.64 Copyright 2016 Elsevier. (E) Voltage profiles of LijTEMPO RFBs with respect to energy density. Reprinted with permission from Wei et al.65 Copyright 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. issues, and nonaqueous counterparts are generally more preferred consequently. Moreover, robust battery packaging with stable membranes and enclosures is necessary to realize the practical applications of alkali-metal-based RFBs. The concept of alkali-metal anode-based RFBs can be traced back to 1960s when the high-temperature Na-based batteries were developed.56 The famous representa- tives include Na-S and Zebra batteries, both of which employed b-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) as Na-ion-conducting membranes. The high operating tempera- ture (>300C) ensures the high conductivity of BASE as well as the fast reaction ki- netics of sulfur and Na. Although the large-scale production of high-quality BASEs has been realized, the cost and long-life operation at the harsh environment are still big concerns. Li-Based Hybrid RFBs Li has the highest theoretical capacity (3,860 mA h g1 and 2,045 mAh cm3) and lowest redox potential (3.04 V). In 2011, Goodenough and coworkers proposed a proof-of-concept RFB by using 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6 aqueous solution as the catholyte Chem 5, 1964–1987, August 8, 2019 1975PDF Image | Development of Redox Flow Batteries Based on New Chemistries
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