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Figure 8. RFBs Based on Suspension Electrodes (A) Schematic of the semi-solid RFB using Li-ion cathode and anode suspensions. Reprinted with permission from Duduta et al.74 Copyright 2011 Wiley- VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. (B) New scheme of the semi-solid RFB based on nanoscale percolating networks of conductor particles. Reprinted with permission from Fan et al.77 Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society. (C) The RFB with a suspension cathode based on sulfur-impregnated Ketjen black composite in the nonaqueous electrolyte. Reprinted with permission from Chen et al.78 Copyright 2015 Springer Nature. (D) Schematic and chemical reactions of the RFB employing a LiFePO4 cathode and iodine-, triiodide-, and iodide-based mediators. Reprinted with permission from Huang et al.81 Copyright 2016 Royal Society of Chemistry. (E) CV curves of LiFePO4 and the organic mediator at a scan rate of 50 mV/s. Reprinted with permission from Zhu et al.82 Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (F) Energy diagram and charge-transfer processes between the redox mediator and LiFePO4 upon charging and discharging. Reprinted from Zhou et al.83 Copyright 2017 Elevier. of liquid anode, which is made by dissolving Na into biphenyl ether solutions, can be also used to replace the Na-metal anode to alleviate the dendrite formation (Fig- ure 7C).72 Since the Na metal was dissolved into the mixed solution, this liquid anode was safe and also showed the low redox potential akin to Na. SUSPENSION-BASED RFBs Solubility is the intrinsic characteristic of a redox species in a certain solvent and essentially relies on the intermolecular interaction between solute and solvent mol- ecules.51,73 In the solution structure, a concentric shell of solvent will surround the solute species, forming solvation complexes, and more solvents than solutes are typically needed to complete the solvation process. To break through the glass ceil- ing of solubility, Chiang and coworkers proposed and demonstrated the first-of-its- kind semi-solid RFBs by using solid compounds in suspensions to realize high con- centration and fluid electrodes simultaneously (Figure 8A).74 In this new approach, the flowable redox chemistries can be broadened to a wide range of solid electro- active species, especially those conventional alkali-ion battery electrode materials. For example, the widely explored Li-storage cathodes (such as LiCoO2, LiFePO4, and LiMn2O4) and anodes (such as silicon, graphite, and Li4Ti5O12) can all be em- ployed to prepare the fluid electrodes with the addition of conductive additives, supporting salts, and organic solvents.8 In the proof-of-concept demonstration, a 1978 Chem 5, 1964–1987, August 8, 2019PDF Image | Development of Redox Flow Batteries Based on New Chemistries
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