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(a) interface 11 (b) interface under 0.0196 mol l–1 Fe(III) electrolyte layer hindered diffusion competitive adsorption over 0.0196 mol l–1 Fe(III) H+ collision competitive electrode reaction electrolyte layer Figure 10. The possible mechanism for the influence of Fe(III) on the electrode process of V(V)/V(IV) redox reaction. and steric hindrance [25,26] and may interfere in the association of vanadium ions to a certain degree, which results in the corresponding improvement of electrode reaction activity. 4. Conclusion The thermal stability tests showed that the Fe(III) impurity content above 0.0196 mol l21 significantly impaired the thermal stability of the V(V) electrolyte. The CV measurements indicated that better reaction kinetics were achieved by adding 0.0196 mol l21 Fe(III), resulting in the improvement of the V(IV) diffusion coefficient, and better reversibility of the electrode reaction compared with the pristine electrolyte. The EIS tests showed that positive electrolyte exhibited a higher electrolyte resistance and charge transfer resistance when the Fe(III) impurity concentration was above 0.0196moll21. The charge–discharge tests showed that positive electrolyte with Fe(III) has little effect on the efficiency of VRFB, but Fe(III) could result in the side reaction and capacity fading, which will have a detrimental effect on battery performance. Moreover, when the concentration of Fe(III) was above 0.0196 mol l21, the increase in the collision probability of vanadium ions with Fe(III) and Fe(III) is competitive with vanadium ions for the adsorption on the electrode surface and redox reaction can interfere with the electrode reaction, the diffusion of vanadium ions and the VRFB performance. As discussed above, understanding the influence of Fe(III) on the positive electrolyte is important, and it is best to control the concentration of Fe(III) impurity below 0.0196moll21 during the preparation and use of vanadium electrolyte. Ethics. Research ethics: We were not required to complete an ethical assessment prior to conducting our research. Animal ethics: We were not required to complete an ethical assessment prior to conducting our research. Permission to carry out fieldwork. No permissions were required prior to conducting our research. Data accessibility. The datasets supporting this article have been uploaded as part of the electronic supplementary material. VO2+ Fe3+ royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsos R. Soc. open sci. 6: 181309 electrode electrode Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 11 January 2023PDF Image | Effect of Fe3 positive electrolyte vanadium redox flow
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