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Despite its great potential and application prospects of VRBs, the low solubility of VOSO4 at low temperatures limits the energy density of VRBs. In addition, the high cost, instability, toxicity of vanadium-based compounds, and the use of high-concentration acid electrolytes constrain the wide application of VRBs. Bromine-Based RFB Bromine-based RFB systems, such as zinc-bromine, polysulfide-bromine RFBs received extensive attentions recently. In the acidic electrolyte, Br−/Br2 redox couple presents a potential of 1.08 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), rendering the bromine-based RFB a high potential (32, 33). In this subsection, the reported bromine-based flow battery system is summarized. Zinc/Bromine RFB Zinc-bromine redox flow batteries (ZBBs), wherein zinc metal serves as the anolyte material, are attractive due to the large volumetric capacity of zinc metal (5854 Ah/L) (34). Metallic zinc undergoes the dissolution/plating process during charging-discharging cycling. Benefiting from the high natural abundance of zinc, ZBBs possess lower cost than VRBs. ZBBs display a theoretical potential of 1.84 V due to the low redox potential of the Zn/Zn2+ couple (−0.76 V vs. SHE). In addition, the large volumetric capacity of zinc metal boosts the energy density of ZBBs. In a typical ZBB, the electrode reactions are as follows. Polysulfide-Bromine RFB Elemental sulfur (S8) has been studied as the cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries (35, 36). The “shuttle” effect of reduced sulfur (polysulfides, Sx2−, 1 < x <8) is the main cause of degradation in a lithium-sulfur battery. However, the high solubility of polysulfides in aqueous electrolyte and non- aqueous electrolytes offers the opportunity for RFBs. Polysulfide/bromine batteries (PSBs), using soluble polysulfides as anolytes, have also been investigated (37–39). Taking S2− as an example, the S22−/S2− redox couple presents a potential of −0.51 V vs. SHE, affording a theoretical potential of 1.59 V. The electrode reactions are listed below. Others Other inorganic RFBs, such as zinc/cerium RFBs (40), iron/chromium RFBs (41), single- metal RFBs (42–44), have also been studied. However, the RFBs techniques are still at the stage of 5 Qin and Fan; Clean Energy Materials ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2020.PDF Image | Electroactive Materials Next-Generation Redox Flow Batteries
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