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According to Eq. 16, the potential of AQs under acidic condition is inversely proportional to pH, and the slope of the curve is –0.059 V/pH (Figure 3b). With increased pH to near neutral, two- electron-one-proton redox reduction takes place, and the slope is –0.0295 V/pH. Under alkaline condition, the redox reaction involves two electrons without protons, and the slope is zero. Figure 3. (a) 9-Membered square scheme of AQ reactions. Reproduced with permission from reference (55). Copyright 2018. (b) A general representation of quinone redox potential as a function of electrolyte pH. The use of 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (2,6-DHAQ, Entry 1 in Table 2) in alkaline RFB was successfully demonstrated by Aziz, Gordon and coworkers (48), and many others (48, 55–61). In view of the corrosiveness of the strong alkaline of electrolyte at pH 14, Aziz et al. proposed an oxybutyrate-pendant anthraquinone (2,6-DBEAQ, Entry 2 in Table 2) for use in AORFB at pH 12 (Scheme 1) (55). However, 2,6-DBEAQ was susceptible to decomposition via a γ-hydroxybutyrate cleavage mechanism (Scheme 1), making the battery a capacity retention of 99.95% per day. By contrast, phosphonic acid-pendant anthraquinone (2,6-DPPEAQ, Scheme1 and Entry 3 in Table 2) delivered a higher stability (61). The corresponding AORFBs displayed a capacity retention of 99.986% per day at pH 9. 8 Qin and Fan; Clean Energy Materials ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2020.PDF Image | Electroactive Materials Next-Generation Redox Flow Batteries
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