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(BF4−), decreasing the cycling performance of the AQ-based non-aqueous RFBs. Further efforts should be exerted to improve the chemical stability of AQ molecules in non-aqueous electrolytes. Prof. Abruña also proposed a symmetric RFB based on anthraquinone derivative in non-aqueous electrolyte (Entry 25 in Table 2). The battery presented a high voltage up to 2.72 V. The utilization of the same material in both catholyte and anolyte can effectively suppress the parasitic reaction caused by crossover (27). Quinones showed a great potential in AORFBs and NAORFBs. However, reduced quinones could be chemically unstable. Beck and Heydecke concluded that under strongly acidic condition, anthraquinone is reduced to anthrahydroquinone and further to anthrone (67). Aziz et al. also proposed the decomposition pathway of 2,6-DHAQ under alkaline condition (Figure 5) (60). The disproportionation of reduced 2,6-DHAQ afforded 2,6-dihydroxyanthrone (DHA) carbanion. Although DHA carbanion can convert back to 2,6-DHAQ after being exposed to aerated (O2) condition, radical dimerization of DHA carbanion lead to DHA dimer (DHA)2. Compounds DHA and (DHA)2 have no electrochemical activity, accounting for the capacity fading. Increasing the steric hindrance of the quinone framework could be effective to suppress the dimerization process and thus to improve the stability of quinones. More reported quinone materials are summarized in Table2. Figure 5. The decomposition products 2,6-dihydroxyanthrone and its dimers. Reproduced with permission from reference (60). Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. In summary, quinone-based anolyte materials display superior performance in AORFBs, such as high energy density and long cycling life. However, most of the batteries were tested in strongly acidic or alkaline electrolytes. How to decrease the corrosion of electrolytes while keeping the high energy density is still challenging. For quinone-based NAORFBs, the instability in non-aqueous electrolyte is the major issue. Viologen Dipyridinium salt, also known as viologen, is another widely studied electroactive material for RFBs. The low cost, tunability, high solubility, and fast electrochemical kinetics make viologens promising electroactive materials in RFBs. The structures and redox reaction of viologens are shown 14 Qin and Fan; Clean Energy Materials ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2020.PDF Image | Electroactive Materials Next-Generation Redox Flow Batteries
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