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Table 4. (Continued). The structures and properties of pyridiniums. The crossover of benzoylpyridinium salt through an ionic exchange membrane can be suppressed by increasing the molecular size. Sanford et al. developed a benzoylpyridinium dimer for non-aqueous RFBs dimer (Entry 8 in Table 4) (21). However, the selected benzoylpyridinium salt is not electrochemically stable in the presence of a trace amount of water (Scheme 5). The same group developed a carbonyl-free malononitrile-modified pyridinium dimer (Entry 9 in Table 4) as the anolyte material (21). Although the obtained non-aqueous RFB delivered a lower potential than the benzoylpyridinium-based battery, it achieved superior cycling performance owing to the increased size of malononitrile-modified pyridinium dimer. The pyridinium-based anolyte materials present promising results but mainly on small-scale in laboratory research. In addition, the synthesis and purification of pyridiniums increase the cost of NAORFBs. Simplified synthetic procedure without purification could increase the cost effectiveness. 20 Qin and Fan; Clean Energy Materials ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2020.PDF Image | Electroactive Materials Next-Generation Redox Flow Batteries
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