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Table 9. (Continued). The structures and properties of phenothiazine. The PTZs deliver high solubility in non-aqueous electrolytes; however, the utilization of double- electron redox property of PTZs is still a challenge. Although some prior works have testified to the potential utilization of two electron-activity, the solubility of dicationic PTZs in non-aqueous electrolytes (less than 0.24 M) will severely limit the energy density of batteries (53). Heterocyclic Nitroxide Radical Heterocyclic nitroxide radicals are stabilized by delocalization of the unpaired electron on oxygen and conjugation over the N-O bond. Steric restriction from the four methyl groups further improves the chemical stability of compound 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO, Entry 1 in Table 10). TEMPO can be oxidized to oxoammonium cation via one-electron redox process (Scheme 11) (112). TEMPO is a well-studied heterocyclic nitroxide radical in RFBs, pioneered by Wang and coworkers (68, 113). Scheme 11. Redox reaction of TEMPO. 34 Qin and Fan; Clean Energy Materials ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2020.PDF Image | Electroactive Materials Next-Generation Redox Flow Batteries
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