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0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.1 0 0.02 0.015 15 10 25 20 15 10 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Figure 3: VRB Charging Simulation using Convex Combination Feedback Gains 150 current supply/load), subject to fluctuations in charging and discharging current. Note that during the charging simulation, a decrease in charging current corresponds to a decrease in conversion factor for the same SOC (and similarly for discharging), which additionally requires a reduced flow rate to maintain the desired conversion per pass (a known characteristic of VRB operation). Likewise, an increase in charging current for the same SOC will result in a higher conversion per 155 pass and require an increased flow rate to maintain the desired conversion factor setpoint (and similarly for discharging). When the pump flow rate was not saturated, the desired conversion factor was suitably maintained as demonstrated in Figures 3 and 4. As also shown, the conversion per pass was able to vary freely when the electrolyte pump is not capable of delivering the required flow rate determined by the controller due to: (1) lower saturation – the minimal electrolyte flow 160 rate to maintain effective battery operation; (2) upper saturation – the physical maximal flow rate deliverable by the pump. In addition, for the second scenario, higher SOCs alongside relatively high charging current (and similarly for low SOC with high discharging current), for which the flow rate is insufficient, would require the introduction of a current limiting module to protect the battery, as discussed in Section 4.3. 18PDF Image | Electrolyte Flow Rate Control Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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