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180 Figure 5: VRB Charging Simulation using Online LQR Feedback Gains 4.2. Experimental Results In this section, the LPV controller developed in Section 3 and simulated in Section 4.1 is implemented on the laboratory scale VRB system shown in Figure 6, with parameters as in Table 1. In summary, the main control user interface is written in LabVIEW; the controller is compiled and stored on a CompactRIO data-acquisition module, which directly interfaces with the physical battery, by sending voltage signals, Vp, to the electrolyte pumps, and taking OCV measurements, which are relayed back to LabVIEW. The relationship between the electrolyte flow rate, Q, and the required pump voltage, Vp is described using the following linear expression Vp = mpQ + bp, Vp,min ≤ Vp ≤ Vp,max (48) where, via experimental calibration, mp = 1.838, bp = 1.743 and Vp,min = 3.176, Vp,max = 4.892. In addition, a “shut-off” or “maintenance” controller is switched in at ≥ 90% (high) or ≤ 10% (low) state of charge to avoid the adverse affects of very high and low state of charge in the VRB. A pseudo-random charging current was applied to imitate a variable supply from renewable sources. We implemented the overall scheme on the pilot VRB laboratory setup to achieve a target conversion factor of Xs = 0.1, whilst charging the VRB from 1% to 85% state of charge, see 20 185 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.1 0 0.02 0.015 15 10 25 20 15 10 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000PDF Image | Electrolyte Flow Rate Control Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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