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1. Introduction Energy Storage and Renewables Renewable-energy sources have become significantly cheaper due to initiatives designed to tackle global warming and thus technologies such as solar and wind are being rapidly deployed, with 178 GW of renewable energy capacity installed in 2017, accounting for over two-thirds of global net electricity capacity growth [1]. The majority of this capacity growth was in the form of solar and wind technologies, which only provide power intermittently [2]. It has been reported that at high levels of penetration over 20%, these new technologies may destabilise electrical grids unless they are accompanied by energy storage [3]. In order to support the deployment of renewable electricity generation, highly efficient and cheaper methods of storing excess energy and providing power when needed is of critical importance. Current State of Storage Technology Many physical and chemical methods for storing electricity exist, however cost has typically been a barrier to large scale adoption, limiting the utility of these systems to specific scenarios [4]. Properties that are desirable for an economically feasible large-scale energy storage system include durability, low capital cost, low maintenance cost, safe design and high round trip efficiency. No one technology is likely to be superior in all aspects, but depending on the necessary application an optimal combination can be found [3]. Mechanical Energy Storage Technologies Mechanical energy storage technologies store energy in the form of potential energy or kinetic energy. Pumped hydroelectricity storage (PHES) uses gravitational potential energy, compressed air energy storage (CAES) stores energy using elastic potential and flywheel energy storage (FES) uses kinetic energy. 1PDF Image | Electron Transfer Kinetics in Redox Flow Batteries
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