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1 Introduction The electrolytes flow through porous electrodes, typically made from a carbon felt or paper. The electrodes are separated by a membrane, often a proton exchange membrane (PEM) such as Nafion. This allows protons to pass through, but limits cross-over of the charge carriers that store the energy. In order to charge and discharge the stored electrolytes they must be pumped from the tanks through the electrodes [18]. Current research topics include; organic redox couples for cheaper storage, development of lower cost membranes and improved electrodes for increased current density and cyclic efficiency [19-21]. Electrolysis and Fuel Cells for Hydrogen The hydrogen economy is a term coined by proponents favouring the use of hydrogen as a storage medium. The basis of the hydrogen economy is that hydrogen can be formed by splitting water using electricity, then converted back to water in a fuel cell to produce electricity. One of the main advantages of this system is the high energy density of hydrogen when stored as a compressed gas or liquid. Battery technology is likely years away from overtaking the energy density of hydrogen, but the development of the hydrogen economy has been hampered by one major and fundamental disadvantage, low round trip efficiency [22], (Figure 1.2). Figure 1.2: Indicative, major sources of round trip efficiency losses for use of hydrogen as an energy storage technology. When making hydrogen electrochemically using an electrolyser, approximately 75% of the electricity is converted into hydrogen and when the hydrogen is converted back into water the efficiency can be below 50%. 5PDF Image | Electron Transfer Kinetics in Redox Flow Batteries
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