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2 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Review Performance Limiting Aspects of VRFB As previously mentioned, key characteristics for an effective energy storage system include high roundtrip efficiency, low cost and long term reliability. Whilst VRFB can store energy at a reasonable cost, the roundtrip efficiency is below that of Li-ion and the cost of power is dependent on the cell cost. By looking at the underlying principles, it is possible to identify areas to improve both of these characteristics. There are three main efficiency losses in VRFB, concentration polarization, ππππ from mass transfer limitations, electrode activation overpotential, ππππ‘ required to increase the current density and ohmic losses from electrical resistance. Therefore, the cell potential during charging is greater than the reversible cell potential: πΈππππ = πΈπππ£ + ππππ + ππππ‘ + πΌπ (2.4) Where: πΌπ is the voltage drop from sources of resistance within the cell, including across the membrane, within the electrodes and the current collector. These values depend on a range of variables and can be estimated based on empirical data [57]. During discharging the cell potential is below the reversible potential, as the positive signs in Eq. 2.8 are replaced with minus signs. The difference in potential between charging and discharging can be used to calculate the voltage efficiency, ππΈ of the cell: ππΈ = πΈπππππππ πhππππ (2.5) πΈππππ πhππππ 15PDF Image | Electron Transfer Kinetics in Redox Flow Batteries
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