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2 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Review Effect of Improving Kinetics on Economic Viability As the vanadium electrolyte price is dominated by the market price of vanadium, changes to the design and operation of the electrolytic cell are most likely to improve the economic viability of the VRFB. The estimated costs for the cell components depicted in Figure 2.1 vary significantly, (Table 2.1). Table 2.1: Cost breakdown of some common VRFB components, retrieved from [80]. Component Carbon Felt Membrane Bi-polar Plate Current Collector End Plate Cost ($ kW-1) 70 500 55 0.15 0.2 From Table 2.1, it is clear that the cost of membranes is the most significant factor in terms of $kW-1. The total membrane cost could be decreased by reducing the purchase price in $ m-2, or by increasing the power density of the cell. Cells with higher current density would require smaller membranes, electrodes and auxiliary equipment [81]. Reducing the size of the cell would require the operating current density to increase beyond 100 mA cm-2, that is typically used commercially [54]. The biggest hurdle to increasing current density is the electrode kinetics of the carbon felt. In many cases electrode kinetics are too slow for practical use, but can be improved using electrocatalysts or electron-transfer mediators [41]. The limiting current for redox flow batteries is dependent on flow rate and flow field design and can range from 200 mAcm-2 to over 600 mAcm-2 [82-84]. Thus, the development of electrodes with higher activity could reduce the cost of producing VRFBs. 23PDF Image | Electron Transfer Kinetics in Redox Flow Batteries
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