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3. Electrode Modifications Redox Flow Batteries research almost exclusively uses carbon based electrodes in experimental work. Some fundamental work has been carried out using planar glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, allowing for easier calculation of parameters such as the diffusion coefficient and the inherent rate constant. However, the most common form of electrode used in working cells is carbon felt. Others have used carbon paper electrodes in no gap architecture derived from fuel cell designs, which reduces electrical resistance but increases electrode activation losses. The choice of carbon materials for the electrodes is informed by the widespread use in industrial scale VRFB. Carbon felt is often chosen due to a number of positive properties Low cost and widely available carbon material (Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and Rayon based fibers) Inert to corrosion from the highly acidic and oxidative electrolytes Mechanical stable and can handle the typical flow rates Suitable porosity with reasonable surface area Electrode properties Whilst carbon felt electrodes are suitable for use in VRFB cells, they can be improved further by manipulating the following properties: Increasing this inherent rate constant Increasing the surface area of the electrode through a rougher / more porous surface Improving the wettability of the electrode to increase the electro active surface area Improving the conductivity of the electrodes to reduce ohmic losses. The coloumbic and hence energy efficiency of a cell can also be improved by suppressing hydrogen evolution at the negative carbon felt electrode 25PDF Image | Electron Transfer Kinetics in Redox Flow Batteries
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