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6 Using Individual Carbon Fiber Electrodes to Quantify Effects of Thermal Activation C100 and Toray fibers had much higher D band intensities relative to the G band, indicating a larger mean crystallite size, higher level of disorder and lower graphitic content than the GFE and G100 fibers. Therefore, during thermal treatment in air, the C100 and Toray fibers should be more easily oxidised. The increase in capacitance for C100 and Toray fiber was more significant than for G100 and GFE fibers, which is consistent with the expected higher level of oxidation. Thermal treatment did not appear to significantly alter the D to G band ratios and hence mean crystallite size, which is to be expected as higher temperatures would be required to increase the graphitic content. However, it is clear that the surface did change significantly, supported by both the CV and EIS measurements. Thus, the surface changes from thermal treatment were likely not related to the graphitic nature of the carbon, but instead an increase in the number of oxygen-containing functional groups at the surface, as previously reported for thermal treatment in air [126]. Surface oxygen groups are difficult to detect with Raman spectroscopy, as the G band from carbon is superimposed over the O-H bending and C=O Raman peaks [217]. Oxygen functional groups should improve the wettability of the fibers and provide active sites for the redox reactions, consistent with the increase in electric double layer capacitance and improved electrochemical performance that was recorded after thermal treatment. 89PDF Image | Electron Transfer Kinetics in Redox Flow Batteries
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