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7 Thermal Activation of Carbon Felt for the Positive Vanadium Redox Couple Thermo-gravimetric analysis Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to understand why the three carbon felts respond differently to thermal treatment. The felt mass was recorded as the temperature was linearly ramped at 5 oC min-1, (Figure 7.3). Figure 7.3: TGA measurements for the three tested felt samples, TGA measurements were carried out in an air atmosphere, starting at room temperature (23 °C) and ramping up to 1000 °C at 5 °C min-1 GFE felt was the most thermally stable, losing the same mass percentage as G100 felt at approximately 100 °C higher temperature. This result is unexpected, as G100 felt had smaller increases in capacitance and physical area than GFE. The C100 felt began losing mass before G100 felt, however the slope of the mass loss was lesser, thus they both fully decomposed at approximately 800 °C. The onset of capacitance increases occurs at temperature below those at which TGA shows mass loss. This may be due to changes in basal to edge plane ratios at the surface, leading to electrical double layer capacitance increases before the formation of pores change the physical surface area. Alternatively, the surface area may increase significantly with very minor changes in felt mass, if the formation of pores only changes the total mass slightly. In the thermal treatment procedure, the felts are held at a fixed temperature for one hour, whilst the TGA data was recorded with a 5 oC min-1 ramp rate. This likely causes a lag in the temperature at which surface changes occur during TGA analysis. 99PDF Image | Electron Transfer Kinetics in Redox Flow Batteries
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