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GCMN 2020 IOP Publishing Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1759 (2021) 012009 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1759/1/012009 controlled by the area of electrodes, so that the power and current density are discoupled, moreover, low battery would be adjustable for customer’s usage, therefore, enhanced the commercial potential. The present work focuses on comparing and evaluating three types of flow batteries, i.e., vanadium redox flow battery, anthraquinone redox flow battery, and metal complex redox flow battery in terms of chemistry, merits, and challenges. Furthermore, a novel flow battery architecture design is also proposed to increase energy efficiency. Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. In order to increase the deployment of intermittent renewable resources for electricity generation, redox flow batteries have been becoming more and more compelling for large scale electricity storage. Among various redox flow batteries, vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is the most promising system for commercial applications[4]. However, VRFB has several problems, in particular, such as cross-contamination and high capital cost for electrolytes, etc. Before discussing aforementioned concerns, we first describe the characteristics and properties of VRFB. Figure 1 There are two electrolyte tanks, i.e., V4+/V5+ in catholyte and V2+/V3+ in anolyte and these two tanks are separated by a ion-selective membrane, which serves to keep the charge balance of the two electrodes. The structure is displayed on Fig. 1. Despite from the redox active materials in the electrolytes, mixed acids are added to the electrolyte in order to increase the solubility of the vanadium ion, as a result, to improve the energy density of the battery. Both positive and negative electrodes are porous carbon materials and they can output a theoretically voltage of 1.26 V. The positive electrolyte is composed of VO2+/VO2+ in mixed acids of H2SO4 and HCl. The negative electrolyte is composed of V2+/V3+, in H2SO4[5]. The main issues that hindered the commercial application are the source of voltage loss, tailoring the design to reduce ohm resistance, maximize the transport of electrolytes and boost the surface area and activity of electrodes. The largest vanadium flow battery is being constructed by Dalian Rongke Power and supported by local government in Dalian, China, however, the vanadium element is usually coexisting with magnesium and aluminum elements, vanadium refining is thus becoming expensive and uncertain, resulting in a fluctuating V2O5 price[6]. There are some advantages and disadvantages associated with VRFBs. The advantages contains: high efficiency, low solution contamination, and long cycle life[7]. On the contrary, VRFB has some disadvantages, such as, electrolytes are highly sensitive to temperature variation so that the temperature has to be controlled within 10 °C to 40°C in order to prevent precipitation[4,7]. However, above 50 °C, the V (vanadium) ions readily precipitate in the form of V2O5 at 1.8 M [8]. Moreover, the crossover of ions limits the efficiency of the battery. With the concentration of electrolytes in each tank decreasing, the voltage loss will become higher[5]. The construction of VRFBs always associates of high capital cost for the vanadium based electrolytes and the mean reason for this dilemma is that vanadium based electrolytes can only acquired from VO2+ in H2SO4 [8] and V2O5 employs [9,10]electrolytic dissolution, which are neither a efficient way for industrial production. On the other hand, the energy density of vanadium based electrolyte seriously curbed the development of VRFBs. As researchers believed, the energy density and 3PDF Image | Emerging Aqueous Flow Batteries and Perspectives
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