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332 Min-Young Kim et al. / J. Electrochem. Sci. Technol., 2021, 12(3), 330-338 material CNT was mixed with an IPA solvent to pre- pare a dispersion of 0.01 wt% CNT for CNT-EVA film sample. Herein, the hot melt adhesive film is composed of EVA material having a nonwoven fab- ric structure; The color is white, the thickness is 97 μm, the weight is 100 g m-2, the melting point is 90oC, and the viscosity is 85 Pa.s at 180oC. The hot melt EVA films were soaked in a dispersion solution containing CB or CNT for 30 min, and then dried at 60oC to fabricate a conductive adhesive film for inte- grating electrode and bipolar plate of VRBs. To eval- uate the oxidation resistance of the EVA resin itself, they are immersed in a vanadium sulfate solution (0.1 M V2O5 and 3 M H2SO4) for VRB in an oven at 40oC for above 720 hrs, and then the color of the electrolyte was observed in time. For each film sam- ples coated by the carbon black and CNT, the surface morphology was observed by optical microscope and SEM analysis. Moreover, in order to measure the through resistance of bare EVA film, CB-EVA film, and CNT-EVA film, four sheets of a nonwoven fabric for each film sample are stacked and compressed in the range of 60~340 kgf cm-2 at 25oC. Finally, the film samples were prepared with the dimension of 7 cm × 7 cm. Through resistance was evaluated using current and voltage application equipment (CP-323, 34401A, Agilent Technologies Inc, USA) and pressure equipment (Carver Inc, USA). 2.2 Fabrication and characteristics of integrating electrode-bipolar plate assembly Fig. 2 shows the fabrication process of integrating electrode and bipolar plate with adhesive film. That is, after the adhesive films is placed between the bipolar plate and the carbon felt electrode, and a pres- sure of 0.5 MPa is applied at 110oC for about 1 min by a hot press device and then the integrating of bipo- lar plate-electrode is completed. The contact resistance Rc between the integral elec- trode and the bipolar plate is defined as Rc = Rt x S, which is measured by multiplying the area and the sum of the contact resistance between the electrode and adhesive film, and between adhesive film and bipolar plate in the two current collectors (c1, c2) as shown in Fig. 3. Herein, the method of resistance involved measuring the potential difference across two current collectors, which sandwiched the sample, as a constant electrical current was passed through them. The variation in potential was recorded as the compaction force applied to the assembly was gradu- ally increased. The contact area of the test sample was 49 cm2, and the applied compact pressure increased in the range of 5.5 to 13 kgf cm-2. Fig. 2. The assembly process of integrating electrode and bipolar plate for VRBs by applying adhesive layer. Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for measuring through and contact resistance: electrical current source and current meter (a), voltage meter (b), gold- coating plate (c1, c2), compact force device (d1, d2), CAF sample (f), electrode (e), bipolar plate (g).PDF Image | Energy Efficiency Improvement of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
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