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Applications and markets: Flow batteries are a very versatile storage technology with a long lifetime and high cycle numbers. For short- duration cycles below 15 minutes they cannot match the efficiency and cost structure of lithium- ion batteries. However, unlike lithium-ion batteries, flow batteries are capable of deep-cycles. As a result, they can be used for long-duration stationary storage in the range of several hours of rated power. In addition, the individual scalability of energy and power in RFB systems helps to reduce the costs of long duration storage. The relatively cheap energy component (electrolyte) makes them ideal for cost-efficient longer duration storage solutions, including peak-shaving and peak shifting operation. In combination with renewable energies, flow batteries can deliver considerably lower levelized costs than other stationary storage technologies. The major problem for flow battery manufacturers inEuropeisthecurrentenergymarketmechanisms in the time of transition: renewable energy sources have been subsidized in the past, and coal and nuclear power plants are still active, keeping prices for flexibility services down. This makes grid- operated mid- to long duration energy storage uneconomical, leaving the main market for more profitable short-duration services like frequency regulation.Forthisapplication,lithium-ionbatteries are unbeatably competitive. However, for full-duty cycles of several hours rated power, such short-term storage solutions experience reduced life-times. As fossil energy generators are phased out, the demand for longer-duration storage will increase. In the U.S. preparations are already underway: there, the energy market is regulated by the individual states, and storage durations of 6-8 h are often required if new renewable power plants are connected to the grid. The new strategy has led to a start-up boom in longer duration systems and particularly flow battery companies in the U.S. To facilitate the transition towards renewables in Europe, a similar restructuring of the energy market is required. Flow battery systems and their future in stationary energy storage 3PDF Image | Flow battery systems future in stationary energy storage
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