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Integration of RFBs into technology toolbox / roadmapping Technology and status RFBs are usually not included in energy storage studies, or at most only VRFBs are considered. This is because the market for long duration storage is not currently profitable (as old and new generation technologies compete on the energy market), or is covered by mainly hydrogen roadmaps, which see energy storage as a by-product of mobility studies. This is one reason RFBs are perceived as an immature, non-commercial technology. LCA, LCC and technoeconomic modelling (e.g. LCOE, LCOS) is carried out for several individual RFB projects, but comparative studies are lacking. Studies on circular economy and recycling strategies for this type of batteries are still in their infancy. The beneficiaries of more comprehensive roadmaps and comparative studies are decision makers (public- and private sector) and investors. 1) Comprehensive, comparative studies on environmental impact (LCA), techno-economics, sustainability and key performance indicators for different sectors encompassing all energy storage technologies. 2) Development of a database for LCA studies for all energy storage solutions (materials toxicity, end of life). 3) Identification of conditions which are best suited for the adoption of RFBs, and accordingly the development of new business opportunities/ incentives, e.g. for mid- and ultra-long duration storage (especially grid- connected storage which is currently highly underestimated). 4) Establishment of development goals for new materials for RFBs or RFB systems (comparable to the DOE criteria for fuel cells). Comparative studies and roadmaps are focussed on LIB storage and underestimate the importance of mid-duration storage and the benefit of potential revenue stacking (short + long duration storage). With the phase-out of old generation technologies, new business models for long and ultra-long energy storage must be developed, as huge amounts of storage capacity will be required for flexible energy distribution of renewable energy. These technologies will not be developed by an unregulated market. Also, the short duration energy storage market must be newly organized. The need to use battery storage to contribute to momentary reserve in the grid will increase as more rotating masses are phased out. High power RFBs e.g. could provide useful short and long duration storage in one device, cutting costs. In combination with renewables they can be regarded as a real alternative, replacing conventional power plants. As more data is generated on the potential of RFBs, these technologies should be integrated into technology toolboxes and roadmaps. This could be implemented via the strategic research and innovation agenda (e.g. funding for networking with existing battery networks). The funding could help initiatives, like implementing similar standards like the PEF standard developed for traction batteries for flow batteries. Potential markets Research needs Policy challenges Policy recommendations Flow battery systems and their future in stationary energy storage 9PDF Image | Flow battery systems future in stationary energy storage
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