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to reduce the required pumping power for the system. With these improvements, the system cost for a commercial 1MW /4MWh redox flow battery system was projected to be < $400/kWh. IN FY 15, PNNL demonstrated a 5 kW/1 kWh scale prototype stack and system with 33% greater current density than FY 14 (320 mA/cm2 vs 240 mA/cm2). The battery utilized the OE developed all-vanadium mixed acid electrolyte, a Nafion 212 membrane, a redesigned interdigitated design, and higher performance electrodes. Operating at 320 mA/cm2, the stack exceeded target metrics by achieving an average power of 6.3 kW while maintaining a stack energy efficiency of ~75%. Including these improvements, the projected cost for a 1MW/4MWh redox flow battery system was projected to be $315/kWh. FY16 Quarter 1 Project Status Summary The FY16 Q1 milestone2was to “Evaluate performance of existing redox flow battery technology at 400 mA/cm and determine efficiency/performance tradeoffs.” As discussed above, 20 cell stacks were assembled and the current density was progressively increased over the past 3 years from 160 mA/cm2 to 320 mA/cm2. The results of the stack efficiencies at a flow rate of 800 cc/min/cell and 50°C for FY 13, FY14, and FY15 is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. Stack efficiencies for 20 cell stack operated in FY13, FY14, and FY15 at 160, 240, and 320 mA/cm2, respectively. As shown in Figure 2, the stack energy efficiency was maintained at ~ 75% in FY 15 by utilizing a new interdigitated design and higher performance electrodes. Over the three year period, the stack energy efficiency showed a minimal decrease of 5% with a doubling of the current density. The average power of the stacks, however, was increased from 3.4 kW to 6.3 kW with a doubling of the current density, Figure 3. 7PDF Image | High Current Density Redox Flow Batteries
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