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had a stack energy efficiency of ~ 75% whereas when the cell was operated at 400 mA/cm2 the stack energy efficiency was decreased to ~70%. Figure 5 compares the charge/discharge voltage curves for cells operated at 320 and 400 mA/cm2 at a flow rate of 800 cc/min/cell. The voltage difference between the two current density plots is nearly identical over the entire operation range which indicates that the voltage drop is most likely dominated by ohmic losses in the cell. At the highest capacities, the voltages become non-linear which can be attributed to a mass transport overpotential which is controlled by the flow rate. Figure 5. Charge and discharge performance of the single cell at 320 and 400 mA/cm2 and a flow rate of 800 cc/min/cell. Table 1 lists the discharge capacity, discharge temperature and pressure drops for the two different current densities studied in Figures 4 and 5. In general, the values listed in Table 1 are similar for both current densities and within targets for FY16. Table 1. Discharge capacity, discharge temperature and pressure drops for the single cell operated at 320 and 400 mA/cm2 and at a flow rate of 800 cc/min/cell. The single cell was cycled approximately 15 times at 320 and 400 mA/cm2, and operated at ~35°C with a flow rate of 800 cc/min/cell. During cycling, the coulombic and energy efficiencies do not show any decay but are relatively stable during the charge-discharge cycling period. However, the discharge capacity fades as the flow battery is cycled, Figure 6. This Discharge Discharge Pressure (psi) Pressure (psi) Capacity (Ah/L) Temp (°C) negative positive 320 mA/cm2 18 34 9.3 6.5 400 mA/cm2 17.6 36 7.8 6.2 9PDF Image | High Current Density Redox Flow Batteries
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