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noted that the stack achieved the internal goal of ~75% stack energy efficiency. It is also observed in Figure 16 that if the stack was operated at a lower current densities (i.e. 160 mA/cm2); the stack would operate at a very high energy efficiency, ~85%. Figure 16. Coulombic, voltage, and stack energy efficiency for the 3-cell stack operated at various current densities. The primary goal of this program over the past 4-5 years has been to increase the performance of the stack while reducing the cost. By increasing the current density, the number of cells and components within the stack has been reduced which reduces the overall system cost; this is illustrated in Figure 12. As described earlier, the goal was to increase the current density while maintaining a stack energy efficiency of ~75%. This goal has been achieved over the past four years as the current density has been increased from 160 to 400 mA/cm2 in increments of 80 mA/cm2. Each year new components or higher performing materials have been added to the stack to retain a stack energy efficiency of ~75%. Table 3 and Figure 17 illustrate the changes made to the stack in the past four years and the resultant stack energy efficiency as a function of current density. Table 3. Component changes and results of stack energy efficiency over the past 4 years as a function of current density. 19PDF Image | High Current Density Redox Flow Batteries
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