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Section 1.1 The need for electric energy storage Chapter 1 Introduction Introduction and motivation 1.1 The need for electric energy storage In 2015, every German grid-connected consumer had access to electricity with an average interruption (SAIDI – system average interruption index) of 12.7 min [2]. This corresponds to an outstanding supply security of 99.9998 %. The requirement of a secure electricity supply seems to contradict utilizing renewable energy sources (RES), such as photovoltaics (PV) and wind power plants because of their volatile nature. However, RES apparently had a positive effect on the supply security, as shown in Figure 1-1. Between 2006 and 2015, the share of RES in the German gross electricity consumption nearly tripled, while the SAIDI was cut in half. Figure 1-1: SAIDI and share of RES in the gross electricity consumption in Germany It is beyond dispute that the de-carbonization of an energy system requires additional flexibility options, to balance generation and demand. Besides energy storage systems (EES), wide-area grid expansion and demand side management (DSM) will also contribute to these flexibilities. Among all energy storage technologies, batteries are the most flexible but also the most expensive one. In March 2017, the global energy storage database of the U.S. Department of Energy listed 323 grid-scale battery storage projects with an individual nominal power of 1 MW or more. This number includes all contracted projects, projects under construction and projects in operation. In total, the database lists battery energy storage systems (BESS) with a total power of 2,804 MW and a total capacity of 4,176 MWh. For comparison, pumped-storage power plants with a total power of 6,850 MW are installed in Germany only [3]. Hence today, batteries play a minor role in grid-scale energy storage. 3PDF Image | Model-based Design Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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