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Section 1.2 Fundamentals However, in 2016, several major BESS projects were published. Three of them, with a total power of 341 MW, are given here as a sample. National Grid, the transport system operator (TSO) of England and Wales, procured 201 MW of so-called enhanced frequency response (EFR) contracts after a tendering exercise [4]. All accepted bids went to providers that plan to install BESS. In Southern California, we can find another recent example for the large-scale penetration of the electric power grid by batteries. In 2015, a massive leak in the Aliso Canyon storage facility, a natural gas storage plant, caused an ongoing natural gas shortage [5]. As this fuel is in particular used by the so-called ‘peaker plants’ – gas- driven power plants that deliver energy in times of peaking demand, the region currently faces a significant lack of fast responding generation units [6]. Therefore, the utilities Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric procured more than 50 MW of lithium-ion batteries to manage this shortage. The largest project within this tender is a 20 MW/80 MWh battery system. Also, between mid-2016 and the beginning of 2017, the German energy company steag GmbH installed six 15 MW/22 MWh batteries in their power plants in Germany [7]. The company markets these systems to deliver primary frequency reserve power, but they add flexibility to steag’s power plant portfolio also. Because of versatile marketing options, short installation times and falling prices, the market for grid-scale BESS is growing dynamically. While today, batteries first and foremost represent high-power ESS, there will also be a need of high-energy ESS in the future, e.g., to replace fossil-fueled peaker plants and to store PV energy for the nighttime. 1.2 Fundamentals 1.2.1 Setup and characteristics of a flow battery A flow battery comprises the same elements as a conventional battery. It consists of two electrodes, in conventional batteries often denoted as anode (negative electrode) and cathode (positive electrode), a separator to isolate both electrodes, plus an electrolyte, which enables an ionic charge transfer between the electrodes. However, in flow batteries, the tasks of these elements are different. First and foremost, the electrodes in a flow battery do not partake in the redox reactions. They just offer the surface area for the electrochemical reaction to take place, and the electric conductivity to distribute and to collect the electrons. Thus, the electrodes of a flow battery do not store any energy. Instead, the energy storage is an additional task of the electrolyte. Therefore, we have to separate the electrolyte into the negative electrolyte (anolyte) and the positive electrolyte (catholyte). An ion-exchange membrane prevents the two electrolytes in the flow cell from mixing. According to the technical definition, the denotation anode and cathode, as well as anolyte and catholyte, refer to the discharging process. During the discharging process, the cathode is the positive pole, and thus absorbs electrons; the anode is the negative 4PDF Image | Model-based Design Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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