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Section 1.2 Fundamentals If the use case requires a more compact system, the stack is often placed on top of the tanks, as shown in Figure 1-5. Large systems consist of a large number of stacks and are often placed into containers, as shown in Figure 1-6 and Figure 1-7. Additional components are usually two pumps, electric and hydraulic networks, as well as a PCS. A PCS normally consists of a DC/DC-converter (DC – direct current) and an AC/DC-converter (AC – alternating current). The DC/DC-converter adapts the low, load- and SoC-depending battery DC voltage to the high and constant DC voltage of the AC/DC-converter. The latter provides the conversion of the DC voltage into the AC voltage, existing in the power grid. The pumps can be supplied directly from the battery or from the power grid. Note, that the former is difficult if the battery is not used for a longer period and the energy stored in the stack is lost due to self-discharge. 1.2.5 A short history of flow batteries In 1949, Dr. Walter Kangro patented a process for storing electric energy using a conversion cell and a reservoir [11]. In [12], he evaluates titanium and iron chloride as well as titanium and iron sulfate as two possible redox couples for the utilization in a flow battery. In the early 1970s, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) became interested in redox flow batteries [1]. They focused on the iron and chromium redox couple, covering many system-related topics, such as shunt currents and optimized flow rate control strategies (FRCS). In the 1980s, Maria Skyllas-Kazacos pioneered the all-vanadium redox flow battery at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Australia. The corresponding patent was granted in 1988 [13]. One key finding was that up to 2 mol of pentavalent vanadium ions are dissolvable in 2 mol of sulfuric acid. This permits utilizing the transition metal vanadium, having four oxidation states, as a redox couple in both half-cells. In a VRFB, the fundamental redox reactions are as follows [14]. The fundamental processes are shown in Figure 1-8. Negative half-cell: Positive half-cell: discharging Total-cell reaction: V2+V3++e, E0 0.255 V charging discharging charging (1-1) (1-2) (1-3) charging discharging VO+2+2H++eVO2++H2O, E0 1.004 V V2++VO+2+2H+VO2++V3++H2O, E0 1.259 V Using vanadium in both half-cells solved one key problem of previously studied redox couples, which was the crossover of ions over the membrane into the respective opposite 10PDF Image | Model-based Design Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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