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Section 3.4 Efficiency definitions Sample operation point simulation Figure 3-2: Internal quantities for the sample operation point To illustrate the unusual quantities above, a sample operation point using cell design 2.1 (electrode area 2000 cm2, channel length 697 mm and channel width 20 mm) is studied. In the sample operation point, tank SoC is fixed at 50 % and a charging current of 200 A is applied, as shown in Figure 3-2. Flow rate and charging current are softly started using a first order low-pass filter with a time constant of ten seconds. Concerning the flow rate, this time constant also reflects the time constant of the hydraulic circuit. Consequentially, this filter is active all the time, whereas the current signal is only filtered during the start-up phase. The cells themselves introduce another time constant that can roughly be estimated by dividing the stack electrolyte volume per half-side by the applied flow rate. In this case, the stack volume per half-side is 32 L. The applied flow rate is 40 Lmin-1. Thus, the estimated stack time constant is 48 seconds. After a simulation time of 400 seconds, the system reaches its steady state. The cells reach an average internal SoC of 53.8 %. Naturally, tank SoC and thus tank OCV does not change during the operation point simulation. At the beginning of the simulation, no current is fed to the tank, as shown in Figure 3-2 d). First, the cells themselves take up the electric charge which is injected by the applied charging current. Delayed by the stack’s time constant that depends on the 63PDF Image | Model-based Design Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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