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Section 3.4 Efficiency definitions applied flow rate, the tank charging process starts. In steady state, 7.786 kA are fed to the positive tank, and 7.784 kA are fed to the negative tank. In the ideal case, a charging current of 200 A would be applied to all 40 cells. Hence, the theoretical charging current is 8 kA. Thus, the average Coulomb efficiency in this operation point is 97.3 %. The voltage efficiency of an operation point is the ratio between tank OCV and cell voltage. Tank total OCV is 1.39 V, while cell voltage is 1.56 V. Thus, the voltage efficiency in this operation point is 89.2 %. Multiplied with each other, Coulomb and voltage efficiency gives the energy efficiency, which is 86.2 %. The system efficiency additionally takes into account the power required for pumping the electrolyte. In this case, the system efficiency is 86.1 %. Note that the pump power is only 92.6 W for a flow rate of 40 Lmin-1. Compared to the charging power of 12.5 kW, the pump power is almost negligible. This is typical for operating a flow battery around a SoC of 50 %. The pump power increases strongly for the charging operation at high SoCs and the discharging operation at low SoCs. 64PDF Image | Model-based Design Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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