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Section 4.1 Available experimental data and confidentiality Chapter 4 Validation of the stack voltage model Validation of the stack voltage model 4.1 Available experimental data and confidentiality It is beyond the scope of this work to build prototypes and to conduct experiments. Thus, VRFB manufacturers are required to supply experimental data for the validation of the battery model. The usage of experimental data obtained with state-of-the-art VRFB stacks is an excellent opportunity to prove the validity of the developed model. However, confidentiality issues are inevitable when cooperating with industrial partners. Naturally, the manufacturers are not interested in having their battery stack compared to their competitors in public. Hence, several measures are taken to guarantee for the confidentiality of the received experimental data: Cell and stack parameters are not disclosed. The displayed stack voltage is normalized as shown in Eq. (4-1). Wherein: ENormalized EAbsolute min(EExperiment) max(EExperiment) Normalized stack voltage Absolute measured or simulated stack voltage Minimal measured stack voltage during the experiment (V) Maximal measured stack voltage during the experiment (V) ENormalized EAbsolute minEExperiment maxEExperiment min(EExperiment) ·100 % (4-1) The three manufacturers are denominated as manufacturer A, B and C. Throughout this section, this denomination is not consistent but changes repeatedly. Although this makes it harder to follow the results and the conclusions, it is inevitable to make it impossible to correlate the shown data to a particular manufacturer. In total, three manufacturers agreed to deliver experimental data for the model validation. All experiments are conducted in test rigs. The operated stacks comprise between 20 and 40 cells, each with an active cell area of several 100 cm2. All stacks have a multi-kW power rating. In the following, a number of successive cycles under the same operational conditions (e.g. currents, power, flow rate or electrolyte pressure) is called experiment. Each experiment comprises three successive cycles. Each manufacturer provided at least three different experiments. The experiments of the different manufacturers differ significantly from each other: Constant current and constant power cycles are conducted. Constant flow rates, equal for the negative and the positive half-side as well as constant pressures across the stack are applied. Experiments are conducted with balanced and unbalanced electrolyte. (%) (V) 65PDF Image | Model-based Design Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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