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Section 7.4 Conclusion densities. In addition, design 4.6 yields the lowest shunt currents and thus minimizes corrosion caused by this phenomenon. 7.4 Conclusion Serially connecting several flow battery stacks electrically introduces two major disadvantages. First, a multi-stack string will always be less efficient than a single-stack. There is no internal effect enabling an efficiency gain, while shunt currents compellingly increase in such an arrangement. If one compares the most efficient single-stack system to the most efficient three-stack string system, the efficiency loss ranges from 1.6 to 3.3 %-points, as shown in Figure 7-10. This is despite the selection of twice the electrode area and a 39 % increase in channel geometry factor for the cell design used in the three-stack string. Figure 7-10: Efficiency of most efficient single-stack and three-stack string system 7.5 Implications for grid connection Regardless of the efficiency loss, the higher DC voltage of a multi-stack string facilitates the grid connection of the battery. This might also enable a higher efficiency of the PCS. We can estimate the required PCS efficiency for a three-stack string to operate as efficient as a single-stack as follows. Two systems are compared to each other. The first system consists of six stacks, each comprising 40 cells using cell design 2.5 (highest efficiency in a single-stack system, electrode area 2,000 cm2) in electric parallel connection. The second system consists of three stacks, each comprising 40 cells using cell design 4.6 (highest efficiency in a three- stack string, electrode area 4,000 cm2) in electric series connection. Both systems have a comparable total electrode area and thus a comparable power rating. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that the system with six parallel stacks is equally efficient as the single-stack system. 116 System efficiency in %PDF Image | Model-based Design Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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