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Section 8.7 Voltage-dependent FRCS – the stack voltage controller Compared to the conventionally derived variable flow rates as shown in Figure 8-1 on page 121, the innovative FRCS shows a significantly deviating trend, as shown in Figure 8-7. The trend of a high flow rate at a high tank SoC for the charging operation and the trend of a high flow rate at a low tank SoC for the discharging operation is consistent. However, the optimized flow rates do neither show the monotonously increasing trend in the charging operation, nor the monotonously decreasing trend in the discharging operation towards a higher SoC. To sum up, the innovative variable FRCS applies a higher flow rate in most of the operation points. In addition, it shows a completely different dependence on the SoC. Figure 8-7: Optimal flow rate in dependence of tank SoC and current for design 2.5, derived with the innovative optimization approach. 8.7 Voltage-dependent FRCS – the stack voltage controller 8.7.1 Methodology Besides its influence on the system efficiency, the FRCS also has a significant impact on the available discharge capacity, if cell or stack voltage limits are used to determine the end of the charging and discharging processes. Thus, the innovative variable FRCS is extended by introducing a superimposed stack voltage controller (VC). During the normal operation, the stack is supplied with the optimal flow rate in terms of efficiency. If the stack voltage exceeds a given upper set point, or undershoots a given lower set point, the stack voltage controller takes over flow rate control, as shown in Figure 8-8. The controller set points have to differ from the voltage limits used in the BMS for ending the charging or discharging process, respectively. If the controller is not activated until the absolute voltage limits are violated, the BMS will stop the charging or discharging process, respectively, before the controller has a chance to act on the stack voltage. 130 Flow rate in Lmin-1PDF Image | Model-based Design Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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