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Section 8.9 Summary 8.9.3 Losses of the variable FRCSs When compared to the already optimized conventional variable FRCS, the innovative one yields lower energy losses for every studied current, as shown in Figure 8-15. Apart from the flow rate related correlations, we can clearly recognize the shifting of loss shares from vanadium crossover and shunt current losses towards ohmic losses and losses due to concentration overpotential that takes place towards larger currents. If we take a look at the loss mechanisms which are most significantly affected by the FRCS, the innovative variable FRCS reduces the relevant losses by up to 18 %, namely for a battery current of 100 A and 120 A, as shown in Figure 8-16. For the nominal current, the reduction is 12 %. Note that for a current of 40 A, the innovative variable FRCS yields higher losses due to concentration overpotential and pump power. However, if we take a look at the total losses, shown in Figure 8-15, we can see that the it still yields the lowest total losses. In this case, a part of the additionally deployed pump energy is obviously rewarded by a reduction of vanadium crossover. As the optimization algorithm targets on the reduction of total losses rather than of obviously flow rate related losses, it is also able to consider the influence of vanadium crossover. Figure 8-15: Loss distribution over applied current for the two variable FRCS strategies for cell design 2.5, optimized for capacity 140PDF Image | Model-based Design Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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