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Chapter 2 Redox Flow Batteries RFBs are best categorised as a hybrid between a secondary battery and a reversible fuel cell. As with all secondary batteries, RFBs can be run in either galvanic or electrolytic mode, i.e. they can either release energy spontaneously to a connected load or take up energy from a power source. Furthermore, once the entire system is constructed and in operation, there is no transport of chemicals in or out of the system. In contrast, the working principle of an RFB is more similar to that of a fuel cell. The energy is not stored in the electrodes themselves, but in electrolytes that are pumped through the electrochemical reactor, often referred to as the cell stack. The concept is illustrated in Figure 2.1 for an aqueous redox flow cell with fully dissolved active materials. Although several types of RFBs exist [36, 37], the present work is primarily concerned with aqueous RFBs with fully dissolved active materials. The description of the working principle given in the following is thus based on this type of RFB. Load or power source e- e- – Membrane + e- e- An+1 X- Bm An Bm-1 Negolyte Posolyte reservoir Pump Electrode Pump reservoir Flow plate Current collector End plate e- e- Figure 2.1: Schematic drawing of an aqueous redox flow cell with fully dissolved active materials. A and B are the active materials and X is the counter ion species (in this case negative) that crosses the membrane to maintain charge balance. Solid arrows indicate processes occurring during discharge and dashed arrows during charge. The electrode and membrane thicknesses are exaggerated for clarity. 5PDF Image | Organic Redox Flow Batteries 2023
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