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Chapter 3. Characterisation Methods Figure 3.8: Typical polarisation curve (solid black line) and corresponding power density curve (dashed grey line) of an RFB with dissection of the overvoltages into kinetic, ohmic, and mass transport losses. 3.6 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a technique that works with alternating currents (AC) and voltages, in contrast to the previously introduced techniques that all operate with direct currents (DC) and voltages. Instead of presenting the currents and potentials as a function of time, they are presented as a function of frequency of the perturbing signal, which can be either a small amplitude sinusoidal current or potential. The resolution in frequency makes it possible to resolve processes occurring in the studied system at different time scales. This requires modelling of the experimental data with an equivalent circuit model, which can easily lead to misinterpretation of the data if an inappropriate model is used. For a system subjected to a small amplitude sinusoidal potential, the potential E(t) and current response I(t) are given as E(t) = E0 sin (ωt) (3.24) I(t) = I0 sin (ωt + φ) (3.25) where E0 and I0 are the peak amplitudes of potential and current, respectively, ω is the angular frequency, and φ is the phase shift. The relationship between applied potential and resulting current is illustrated in Figure 3.9 (left). The angular frequency is related to the frequency f as shown in Equation 3.26. ω = 2πf (3.26) In the same way as the resistance is defined from the direct potential and current through 30PDF Image | Organic Redox Flow Batteries 2023
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