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spectra show improvement in the data quality in the middle-frequency region when the pulsation dampener is in use, which separates the charge transfer and finite diffusion arcs to a greater extent. The improvement is also visible from the Kramers-Kronig tests presented Figure 6.9 (b) and (c), which show residuals closer to 0% for the spectrum recorded with pulsation dampening at frequencies of 1–10 Hz. However, the quality at the lowest frequencies did not improve, and the pulsation dampener caused the finite diffusion impedance to increase slightly, which suggests that the dampener decreased the effective electrolyte flow rate. Nevertheless, it was decided to permanently implement pulsation dampeners for EIS studies in both symmetric and full cells, as improvement of the data quality in the medium-frequency region would be helpful for the CNLS fitting. Figure 6.9: (a) Nyquist plots recorded on a one-container symmetric cell containing 0.1M K3[Fe(CN)6]+0.1M K4[Fe(CN)6] dissolved in 1M KCl adjusted to pH 12 with KOH. The impedance was recorded from 100kHz to 10mHz at an electrolyte flow rate of 50 mL min−1 before and after implementing a pulsation dampener. The red spectrum was shifted by −6 mΩ cm2 along the real axis. (b) Kramers-Kronig residuals of the spec- trum without pulsation dampening. (c) Kramers-Kronig residuals of the spectrum with pulsation dampening. The Kramers-Kronig tests were carried out with 20×RC circuits each. The pump was operating at approximately 54.5 rpm (0.9 Hz). 6.2.1.4 Temperature The temperature of a system affects both the ohmic and charge transfer resistances. It is therefore essential to operate at constant temperature to obtain reliable results when 6.2. Results and Discussion 97PDF Image | Organic Redox Flow Batteries 2023
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