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6.2. Results and Discussion Figure 6.22: Results from the CNLS fit of the 0.05M DHAQ+0.05M DHAHQ impe- dance recorded at 50 mL min−1 presented in Figure 6.21. (a) Experimental and modelled Nyquist plots. (b) Experimental and modelled semi-logarithmic Bode plots of the ima- ginary impedance. (c) Kramers-Kronig test residuals. (d) Relative fit residuals. resistances all appear to decrease with flow rate, with the finite diffusion resistance ini- tially being the highest contribution. The three processes contribute fairly equally to the total resistance from 30 mL min−1 and upward, in a range of 0.04–0.26 Ω cm2. This is in the same area of the porous electrode contributions for the ferri-/ferrocyanide system (see Figure 6.18). 6.2.2.3 DBEAQ The influence of electrolyte flow rate on the DBEAQ impedance was investigated in the same setup as used for DHAQ (Section 6.2.2.2). The cell was emptied and flushed with several batches of water to remove leftover DHAQ solution. A 50mL solution of 0.05M+0.05MDBEAQ/DBEAHQin1.2MKOH(resultingin1MOH– andapHof14) was prepared as described for DHAQ in Section 6.2.2.2 by a full potentiostatic charge at 1.2 V. The solution was recirculated through the cell at a flow rate of 50 mL min−1 for 2 h before starting measurements. The impedance of the system was recorded on a BioLogic VSP-300 potentiostat from 200kHz to 10mHz at flow rates of 10mLmin−1 and 30mLmin−1 and down to 20mHz at flow rates of 50 mL min−1, 70 mL min−1, and 90 mL min−1. The impedance was again recorded in six successive measurements at each flow rate, and an average of the last three spectra at each flow rate was computed. The average spectra are presented in Figure 6.24. The high-frequency noise observed for the DHAQ system was still present, although less pronounced. The impedance decreased considerably between 10mLmin−1 and 70 mL min−1 and then increased again at 90 mL min−1. This was possibly caused 109PDF Image | Organic Redox Flow Batteries 2023
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