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followed by a discharge step. In a given experiment, the threshold value of -1.64 V during the charge period was never reached, but the 0.5 V value in the discharge period was always reached over time (Figure S8). During the charge-discharge cycles a plateau at c.a. -1.1 V in Ew voltage curves was noted and assigned to the electronic process of C+/C● redox couple (Figure S8). Extremely satisfactorily, the monitoring of this test cell in Figure 3b, shows that the coulombic efficiency (CE, green dots) remains constant and close to 100% throughout the experiment. Furthermore, the capacity Q (blue dots) has proven to be excellent, reaching the maximum theoretical capacity of the system (Qtheo = 0.153 mA.h) with a retention >99% over 745 cycles. These remarkable values underline the stability of our battery model over time, as well as its ability to deliver the stored energy efficiently. In “classical” ORFB, the overall system is asymmetric, meaning one side of the cell containing the "anolyte" and the other containing the "catholyte" and must therefore always be polarized in the same way to work.10,28 However, the electronic properties of C+ allow us to overcome this limitation, since the system can be charged independently by transferring electrons into one or the other side of the cell. Therefore, it is possible to carry out bi-electronic cycling tests by polarizing the battery in the opposite direction. This test consists of a highly stressful two-electron charge and discharge process on each side of the cell, meaning that the species C●++ and C● will be formed successively in each compartment over time (Figure 3a, purple arrows). These two-electron cycling processes are likely to shorten the life of this battery,31,46 but provide insightful information about its efficiency and sturdiness. 8PDF Image | Organic Redox Flow Battery Helical Carbeniun Ion
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