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Ew Ec Ew Ec Eref Eref Ew Ec Eref @ Ew + e- - e- @ Ew + e- - e- 1⁄2 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.00 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 100 200 300 400 Cycle (n) 500 600 700 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 100 80 60 40 20 0 Q discharge/mA.h Q charge/mA.h 0 20 40 60 80 Cycle (n) Q discharge/mA.h Q charge/mA.h Figure 3: a) Scheme showing the mono- and bi-electronic exchange charge-discharge cycles in a symmetric H-cell. The color code is indicative of the electrolyte oxidation degree and corresponds to the colors observed by the operator. b) Q of charge-discharge processes and coulombic efficiency monitoring over 750 cycles of mono-electronic exchange (for better readability, 1 dot every 5 cycles). c) Q of charge-discharge processes and coulombic efficiency monitoring over 85 cycles of bi-electronic exchange. A galvanostatic charging sequence with a |5| mA current, applying cutoff potentials at 1.38 and -1.54 V vs. Eref, was then started from initial state of this symmetrical battery (Figure 3a). In the first step, the working electrode side of the cell was discharged of electrons at a cutoff potential of 1.38 V to full oxidation of C+ to C●++ (Figure 3a, I in purple). Then a negative 5 mA current was applied at -1.54 V (II in purple), and two electrons were sequentially exchanged taking C●++ to C●. Finally, during step III, the current was reversed to 1.38 V to discharge the electrons in the working electrode side of the cell back to C●++. The continuous alternation of steps II and III corresponded 9 Q (mA.h) Coulombic Efficiency (%) Coulombic Efficiency (%) Q (mA.h)PDF Image | Organic Redox Flow Battery Helical Carbeniun Ion
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