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Energies 2021, 14, 5643 24 of 45 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 48 Figure 7. Radar plots of the performance properties of different membranes [63]. Copyright 2021, Figure 7. Radar plots of the performance properties of different membranes [63]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. Elsevier. The literature found shows that to move towards advanced NA-RFBs it will be nec- 3. Other RFB Configurations There have been attempts to improve RFBs by changing their configuration. These essary to develop and/or optimize the anolytes and catholytes currently available. In this changes aim to increase the energy density of the devices and/or reduce costs in new and context, improved anolytes and catholytes with enhanced electrochemical performance innovative ways. These configurations also make the redox flow battery technology more particularly stability and reversibility will be developed. The analysis of the current state versatile and able to be implemented in a wider array of applications. In this section, these of the art also indicates that the expansion of the redox-active molecules for NA-RFBs different configurations will be approached, namely membraneless flow batteries, metal– started showing promising results of reaching the potential to become interesting for com- air flow batteries and metal–air fuel cells, solid targeted flow batteries, and semi-solid mercialization in the last three years. Moreover, for practical applications, the lifetime of flow batteries. redox electrolytes need to be further improved, namely their stability and species crosso- ver. 3.1. Membraneless Cost analysis studies showed most of the capital cost is due to the expensive ion- 3. Other RFB Configurations exchange membrane [212]. One ambitious alternative to circumvent this problem is to There have been attempts to improve RFBs by changing their configuration. These design a configuration that does not rely on any membrane at all. This implies not only changes aim to increase the energy density of the devices and/or reduce costs in new and lower capital costs but also a device with lower resistance due to the lack of membrane [213]. innovative ways. These configurations also make the redox flow battery technology more Currently, there are two main alternatives to accomplish that: the laminar membraneless versatile and able to be implemented in a wider array of applications. In this section, these and the immiscible membraneless. different configurations will be approached, namely membraneless flow batteries, metal– The laminar membraneless relies on hydrodynamic principles to keep a parallel air flow batteries and metal–air fuel cells, solid targeted flow batteries, and semi-solid laminar flow between the two electrolytes, creating an interface between them that is flowbatteries. responsiblefortheionicexchange.ThisstrategyisillustratedinFigure8. 3.1. Membraneless The major concern of this approach is the high crossover that leads to a coulombic efficiency of ca. 50% [33]. Despite several configurations being designed and tested to date Cost analysis studies showed most of the capital cost is due to the expensive ion- in order to decrease the crossover effect, this has not been achieved [214–218]. Not only that, exchange membrane [213]. One ambitious alternative to circumvent this problem is to de- but in some cases, this effect is so high that is not possible to operate the cell in regenerative mode, and therefore the device is called a laminar flow fuel cell [214,215,217–221]. sign a configuration that does not rely on any membrane at all. This implies not only lower capital costs but also a device with lower resistance due to the lack of membrane [214]. Additionally, the diffusion layer between the two electrolytes thickens towards the channel, which increases the cell resistance [33]. An alternative to reduce this effect is to Currently, there are two main alternatives to accomplish that: the laminar membraneless and the immiscible membraneless. increase the flow rate; however, this also represents a limitation since the flow must be kept laminar in order to avoid the mixture of electrolytes [33]. Finally, since one of the major concerns about laminar flow membraneless cells is the reactant flow control, most of works were performed in microfluidic fuel cells. DespitePDF Image | PNNL Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Stack
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