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3. Problem Statement The UMass campus plans to continue its infrastructure expansion, including new academic, residential, and utility buildings, all of which require energy to function, all while aiming to be carbon neutral by 2030. From 2012-2050, the UMass administration has proposed over 150 new buildings and building additions, almost 7 million square feet in total, all of which will require additional electricity generation by the university [1]. While these two plans may seem contradictory, increasing energy generation and reducing carbon emissions will be possible through the increased reliance on renewable resources and expansion of the Central Heating Plant, both of which will require an expansion of campus energy storage infrastructure. Currently, 30% of UMass’ electricity is purchased from a company that uses fossil fuels to generate power [1]. To reach zero net carbon emissions, UMass will have to make a significant in renewable energy resources, prompting the development of a new storage strategy. By expanding its renewable energy capabilities, UMass will be able to meet the increased demand from additional buildings while simultaneously reducing carbon emissions. However, renewable energy generation is not consistent, and changes according to weather, sunlight exposure, and wind speeds. A clear example of this is the difference in photovoltaic electricity generation during the day and night. Therefore, an increased reliance of renewable energy generation, requires a similarly scaled, similarly sustainable energy storage plan on campus. Currently, UMass uses a lithium-ion Borrego battery to store and distribute electric power on campus [1]. Unfortunately, there are also several directly associated health and safety issues that are presented with lithium-ion batteries. The primary safety concern with lithium-ion batteries is their potential to combust when punctured. In the past year alone, they have been responsible for several house fires, caused by the extremely flammable electrolytes used for energy storage [5]. Even if large scale lithium-ion batteries don’t start a fire, they have been shown to turn a controllable fire into an unmanageable blaze [8]. These safety concerns make the construction of another lithium-ion battery on campus an ill-advised and dangerous proposition for UMass. Solid-state batteries, most commonly, lithium-ion , (including the one currently used on campus), are prone to degradation over time, making them a bad investment for a campus focused on long-term returns. As lithium-ion batteries undergo multiple charging-discharging cycles, their capacity degrades over time until the battery eventually fails, requiring costly replacement [2, 7]. Batteries which use a different mechanism of electrolyte storage and charging/discharging, such as redox flow batteries provide an alternative energy storage solution which doesn’t face these degradation problems. The materials used in the construction of lithium-ion batteries, specifically in their electrodes, makes them both non-recyclable, and the product of environmentally devastating mining techniques. The use of cobalt comes with a high societal cost, due to inhumane andPDF Image | Power of Implementing a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery UMass
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