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REVIEW Li and Liu 99 (a) 4 3 2 1 (b)o o ooo o (c) 40 35 30 25 (d) DBBB ANL-8 oo o o oo oo o o 0.2 M LiBF in PC 4 0.5 M LiBF in PC 4 0.5 M nBu NClO in PC 44 ANL-8 40 C ANL-9 ANL-10 1234 Number of PEO units DBBB ANL-8 ANL-9 ANL-10 Figure 5. (a) Redox potential of representative redox-active organic and organometallic compounds with potential vs. Li/Li+ [60] (Copyright 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry). (b) Chemical structures of picture of DBBB, ANL-8, ANL-9 and ANL-10 materials [75] (Copyright 2015 Wiley). (c) Plot of viscosity vs. PEO chain lengths of various ANL molecules [75] (Copyright 2015 Wiley). (d) Diffusion coefficient of DBBB, ANL-8, ANL-9 and ANL-10 in various electrolytes [75] (Copyright 2015 Wiley). because of its liquid nature, higher diffusion co- efficient and lower viscosity (Fig. 5c and d). Wei et al. coupled ANL-8 with a highly soluble anolyte compound, 9-fluorenone (FL) [76]. The cell volt- age was more than 2.0 V. A microporous separator was used to enable good cell conductivity and high current operation (15 mA/cm2, a 30-fold increase). Meanwhile, a mixed-reactant electrolyte design was adopted to mitigate crossover of active species. Fig- ure 4c shows the typical cycling voltage curves of the flow cell using 0.5 M FL/0.5 M DMBBM/1.0 M TEA–TFSI/MeCN at the current density of 15 mA/cm2. The flow cell achieved an EE > 70%, but was limited by continuous capacity fading. A mechanistic study revealed that the performance degradation is caused by limited chemical stability of charged radical species, especially the FL r-. Currently, the cost of non-aqueous RFBs is still limited by several major factors. First, non-aqueous chemistries mostly use flammable solvents, which 2.25 2.00 1.75 1.50 1.25 o Viscosity (cP) Diffusion coefficient (1E-6 cm2/s) N-methylphthalimide 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetra carboxylic dianhydride Potential / V vs. Li+/Li 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone- 2,7-disulphonic acid anisole-family compounds 4,4’-dimethoxybiphenyl 2,5-ditertbutyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene di-tert-butyl-1,4-bis (2-methoxyethoxy)benzene quinoxaline polyaniline ferrocene 9,10-anthraquinone- 2,7-disulphonic acid nickelocene TCNQ TEMPO poly(2,5-dimercapto- 1,3,4-thiadiazole) Pyrene-4,5,9,10- tetraone BQ phenanthraquinone 3,4,9,10-perylentetra carboxylic dianhydride naphthoquinone 1,5-bis(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy)ethoxy) anthracene-9,10-dione AQ poly(anthraquinonyl sulfide) pyromellitic anhydride cobaltocene trans-trans-muconate, lithium salt terephthalate, lithium salt 4,4’-tolane-dicarboxylate Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/4/1/91/2866462 by guest on 11 January 2023PDF Image | Progress in low cost redox flow batteries energy storage
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