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3 Chapter 6 Redox Flow Batteries Figure 2. Photograph of vanadium RFB (VRFB) test bed developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for RFB evaluation. A zoomed in image of the electrochemical cell stack is provided at right. Flow batteries are particularly attractive for their ability to decouple energy and power. The specific choice of catholyte and anolyte chemistry will dictate the voltage of an individual cell and the energy density of the system. Therefore, the overall energy of a flow battery may be controlled by varying the volume of electrolyte. On the other hand, the power can be effectively manipulated through design of the electrochemical cell. Thus, a high energy flow battery aimed at long duration discharge might couple large volumes of electrolyte with a modestly sized electrochemical cell, whereas a high power, short duration flow battery might only require smaller volumes of electrolyte but leverage a significantly larger electrochemical cell. Flow batteries offer several potential safety features compared to regular, nonflowing batteries. Unlike traditional batteries, the bulk of the anolyte and catholyte are spatially separated from each other in large tanks. Thus, it is considerably harder to release all the stored energy under nonstandard or emergency conditions. Even if the electrochemical cell were to rupture, valves could be closed and the anolyte and catholyte would remain separated. Moreover, most flow batteries commercialized today use aqueous-based electrolytes, rendering them nonflammable. Depending on the exact electrolyte chemistry employed, flow batteries can also be non-toxic and non-corrosive. 2. State of Current Technology 2.1. Current Implementation 2.1.1. Electrolyte Chemistries A variety of different electrolyte chemistries exist in the flow battery market. Currently commercialized electrolytes almost exclusively use aqueous (water-based) electrolytes. The exact electrolyte formulation largely dictates the cell voltage, energy density, and operating temperature range of the RFB. The following discussion outlines several classes of electrolyte chemistries that have been commercially evaluated. This discussion is not meant to be an exhaustive list. As of thePDF Image | REDOX FLOW BATTERIES Chapter 6
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