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At the small-to-medium scale, Australian company RedFlow has achieved success deploying their Zn-Br based systems on residential (~20-60 kWh) to commercial and industrial customers (~100 kWh). When coupled with solar power, these systems have enabled customers to operate off-grid. At the commercial level, these systems provide flexibility in power time of use and allow companies to keep the lights on during blackouts [33]. RFBs have been successfully coupled with industrial agriculture in the Central Valley of California. In 2014, EnerVault Corp. successfully demonstrated a 250kW/1MWh Fe-Cr RFB that was charged by a 150 kW PV system or the grid and used to run a ground water irrigation pump. An aerial photo of this installation is provided in Figure 3. EnerVault leveraged several proprietary designs to improve RFB technology and successfully deploy this Fe-Cr RFB [34]. While the project was a technical success, EnerVault filed for restructuring in 2015. Figure 3. Photograph of EnerVault Corp.’s 250kW/1MWh Fe-Cr RFB in Turlock, California. Electrolyte is held in the four tanks in the lower right [34]. UniEnergy Technologies has integrated several RFBs into the electrical grids across Washington State. A 1MW/4MWh system was installed in Pullman, WA, using both grid-tied and islanding operations. A 2MW/8MWh vanadium RFB installed in Everett, WA was successful in shifting peak demand, improving electrical power distribution, and enhancing grid voltage control [35]. The largest RFB built to date resides in Dalian, China, where Rongke Power is constructing a 200MW/800MWh vanadium RFB, with completion scheduled in 2020. The RFB is targeted at peak-shaving applications, easing grid strain under extreme weather conditions. Despite the RFB large capacity, this represents about 8% of total projected electrical grid load in Dalian [36]. 2.2. Challenges The main challenges facing RFBs are related to cost and energy density. Decreasing the cost of electrolyte and membrane materials would go a long way toward increasing RFBs’ competitiveness against other energy storage technologies on a $/kWh scale. However, the active ingredient in many RFBs, vanadium, is costly, as are the ion exchange membranes used as 7 Chapter 6 Redox Flow BatteriesPDF Image | REDOX FLOW BATTERIES Chapter 6
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