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Fig 1. Schematics of different electrochemical energy storage devices. The location where the active material is stored is highlighted in red. (a) Supercapacitor, (b) solid state battery, (c) fuel cell, and (d) redox flow battery. RFBs share many characteristics with FCs, as can be seen in Fig. 1c and 1d. Like FCs, RFBs store the active material in tanks which is then pumped to the anode or cathode for charge transfer. One of the differences is that the reaction products are not discarded in a RFB, but kept in their respective streams and pumped back into the anolyte and catholyte tanks. As a RFB is a secondary battery, the discharged species can be re-charged. For that the polarity of the RFB is reversed, the anode is now reducing the anolyte redox species, the cathode is oxidizing the catholyte redox species (against electrochemical conventions). While a FC can use liquid (ethanol, methanol, liquid nitrogen) and gaseous fuels (compressed hydrogen), a RFB will usually operate with dissolved redox molecules, it stores its energy entirely in solution. For the energy density of the RFB equation 3 holds. The charge of the RFB is determined by how many redox molecules are in solution (governed by concentration c), and number of transferred electrons per molecule n: (6) Page 7 of 63PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Concepts Chemistries
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