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With these principles established, the sequence in energy density and power density shown in the Ragone plot (Fig. 2) can be understood: SCs store energy only in the electrochemical double layer, by placing charges in a potential field, which gives small energy densities. RFBs store energy in redox couples in liquid form, which entails a lower density of charge carriers than in SSBs. Lastly FCs store energy in the chemical bonds of either the lightest element (H2), or hydrocarbons (ethanol, methanol, gasoline) which makes them high-energy density devices. However, because the reactions in a FC are sluggish (ORR, HOR), they are low power devices. The intercalation reactions that take place in LIBs are faster than the redox reactions occurring RFBs, making the latter slower than the former. SCs exhibit the highest power density, because the formation of the double layer is a purely physical process and no electron transfer is taking place. Fig 2. Ragone plot for four electrochemical devices, supercapacitors, batteries, redox flow batteries and fuel cells. Page 9 of 63PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Concepts Chemistries
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