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Low costs for gaseous species; High concentrations of gaseous species can be reached, therefore high energy density, low energy efficienc self-discharge; oxygen gas permeat need for catalyst lo Pt leaching into the Liquid-gaseous (e.g. V/O2 or H2/V) Table 1: Summary of advantages and drawbacks of various RFB concepts. 4. Solvent: aqueous non-aqueous In most of the invented RFB-systems, acidic, aqueous electrolytes are used. One disadvantage of electrochemical application in aqueous solutions is the electrolysis of water. The corresponding half-reactions can be described for acidic and basic solutions: Cathodic reaction: Anodic reaction: (12) (13) (14) (15) The potential at which those reactions occur depends on the used electrode material. The thermodynamic potential window in which no reactions take place is 1.23 V. Out of this range, water electrolysis is promoted which leads to parasitic side reactions and therefore to efficiency loss and capacity imbalance in a full RFB. This limits the selection of electrochemical active species for an aqueous RFB. Furthermore, the application of aqueous electrolytes is restricted by the temperature range of 0 to 100°C. Mostly sulphuric acid is added as supporting electrolyte to enhance the conductivity of the electrolyte without the addition of additional salts as supporting electrolyte. Page 16 of 63 aPDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Concepts Chemistries
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